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1. Foreword
There are indeed a lot of people asking me about automation recently. I have a whim: I want to explain python + selenium from 0 to realize web automation testing. Please pay attention to the blog for continuous updates!
This is the fifth blog post of python + selenium to realize web automation
2. Selenium – read element configuration file
After the previous study, we can already write some simple automated test cases, but do you feel that we have written a lot of repetitive code. For example: the search and value transfer of key elements in the page. For an automated test page, the elements of the page are relatively stable, so we can encapsulate these repetitive codes and directly read the relatively stable elements in the page. We can Written in the configuration file, when the page elements change, you only need to modify the corresponding page element information, instead of modifying the code every time, so as to avoid introducing bugs as much as possible.
1. Create a configuration file
Before reading the configuration file, write it into the configuration file according to the characteristics of the page elements.
[RegisterElement] register_email = id>register_email register_nickname = id>register_nickname register_password = id>register_password getcode_num = id>getcode_num captcha_code = id>captcha_code
2. Read configuration file
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
@Desc : None
"""
import configparser
class ReadIni(object):
# Initialize configuration file path and node loading
def __init__(self, file_name=None, node=None):
if file_name is None:
self.file_name = '../data/RegisterElement.ini'
if node is None:
self.node = 'RegisterElement'
else:
self.node = node
self.cf = self.load_ini()
# load configuration file
def load_ini(self):
cf = configparser. ConfigParser()
cf. read(self. file_name)
return cf
# Get the value of each configuration item
def get_value(self, key):
data = self.cf.get(self.node, key)
return data
if __name__ == "__main__":
ri = ReadIni()
print(ri.get_value('register_nickname'))
3. Selenium-element encapsulation
Find page element code wrappers.
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
@Desc : None
"""
from util.read_ini import ReadIni
class FindElement(object):
def __init__(self, driver):
self.driver = driver
def get_element(self, key):
ri = ReadIni()
data = ri. get_value(key=key)
by = data. split('>')[0]
value = data. split('>')[1]
try:
if by == 'id':
return self.driver.find_element_by_id(value)
elif by == 'name':
return self.driver.find_element_by_name(value)
elif by == 'className':
return self.driver.find_element_by_className(value)
else:
return self.driver.find_element_by_xpath(value)
except:
file_path = '../image/no_element.png'
self.driver.save_screenshot(file_path)
if __name__ == "__main__":
fe = FindElement()
fe.get_element('register_nickname')
4. Selenium-code encapsulation
Do you feel that although the code is written here, it is very unorganized. Yes, modularize your code now so that each module does a part of it.
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
"""
@Desc : None
"""
from selenium import webdriver
from time import sleep
from util.read_ini import ReadIni
from basic.find_element import FindElement
import random
from PIL import Image
from api import ShowapiRequest
class Register(object):
def __init__(self, url):
self. driver = self. get_driver(url=url)
# Start the browser and open the target test page url
def get_driver(self, url):
driver = webdriver.Chrome('../tools/chromedriver.exe')
driver. get(url=url)
driver. maximize_window()
return driver
# Locate user information and get element element
def get_user_element(self, key):
find_element = FindElement(self.driver)
user_element = find_element. get_element(key=key)
return user_element
# Enter user information
def send_user_info(self, key, data):
self.get_user_element(key=key).send_keys(data)
# get random number
def get_range(self):
number = ''.join(random.sample('abcdefg123456', 8))
return number
# Get the verification code image
def get_captcha_image(self, file_name):
self.driver.save_screenshot(filename=file_name)
captcha_element = self. get_user_element('getcode_num')
left = captcha_element. location['x']
top = captcha_element. location['y']
right = captcha_element. size['width'] + left
height = captcha_element.size['height'] + top
image = Image.open(file_name)
img = image.crop((left, top, right, height))
img. save(file_name)
# Identify image verification code
def discern_captcha_image(self, file_name):
self.get_captcha_image(file_name=file_name)
# Parse the text in the verification code picture (use the third-party picture verification code to identify the interface ShowApiRequest)
r = ShowapiRequest("http://route.showapi.com/184-4", "48120", "12c017278c0845c2bcda177212d2d2ac")
r.addBodyPara("img_base64", "")
r.addBodyPara("typeId", "35")
r.addBodyPara("convert_to_jpg", "0")
r.addBodyPara("needMorePrecise", "0")
r.addFilePara("image", file_name) # set when uploading files
res = r. post()
text = res.json()["showapi_res_body"]["Result"]
return text
# main function
def main(self):
register_nickname = self. get_range()
register_email = self.get_range() + '@163.com'
register_password = self.get_range() + '@123'
file_name = '../image/code_image.png'
captcha_code = self.discern_captcha_image(file_name=file_name)
self.send_user_info('register_nickname', register_nickname)
self.send_user_info('register_email', register_email)
self.send_user_info('register_password', register_password)
self.send_user_info('captcha_code', captcha_code)
self.get_user_element('register-btn').click()
sleep(5)
self. driver. close()
if __name__ == "__main__":
register_url = 'http://www.5itest.cn/register'
r = Register(register_url)
r. main()
5. Selenium – exception handling
During the test, we must let the program run smoothly, but also pay attention to handling the exception of the program. For example: because the third-party interface called is the picture of the verification code, it is inevitable that it will not be recognized. In order not to block the normal operation of the program, when the recognition error occurs, the error recognition can be handled abnormally.
# Add the wrong element id of the verification code in the [RegisterElement.ini] file captcha_code_error = id>captcha_code-error
# Add exception handling on the basis of package.py code
# Exception handling: Take a screenshot if the registration fails, which is convenient for troubleshooting
captcha_code_error = self. get_user_element('captcha_code_error')
if captcha_code_error is None:
print("...Congratulations on your successful registration...")
else:
self.driver.save_screenshot('../image/captcha_code_error.png')
sleep(5)
6. Selenium-Compatible with multi-browser execution
In the actual test, due to the differences in the technical standards of different browsers, the same code has inconsistent expressions in different browsers, so it is unavoidable to execute test cases in multiple browsers.
Note: The FireFox driver is configured differently from the Chrome driver
Download address: https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/releases
After downloading (choose according to the system version):
(1) Unzip and take out geckodriver.exe (take 64x as an example);
(2) Put geckodriver.exe in the Firefox installation directory, such as: (D:\Firefox\Mozilla Firefox);
(3) Add the Firefox installation directory (D:\Firefox\Mozilla Firefox) to the environment variable path;
(4) Restart IDEA, remember to
# Compatible with multi-browser execution tests
def get_more_driver(self, url, browser):
if browser == 'chrome':
# Driver corresponding to version 76.0.3809.100 (64-bit)
driver = webdriver.Chrome('../tools/chromedriver.exe')
elif browser == 'firefox':
# The driver corresponding to FireFox 68.0.2 (64-bit) is different from the chrome driver
driver = webdriver. Firefox()
driver. get(url=url)
driver. maximize_window()
return driver
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