How to add and use a hard disk in Linux? We can divide it into three steps, the first step is partitioning, the second step is formatting, and the third step is mounting.
1. Disk
1.1 MBR
MBR: Master Boot Record
MBR is located in the first physical sector of the hard disk
MBR contains the hard drive’s main boot program and hard drive partition table
The partition table has 4 partition recording areas, each of which occupies 16 bytes
In Linux, hard disks, partitions and other devices are represented as files
1.2 Disk partition structure
The number of primary partitions in the hard disk is only 4
The serial numbers of primary partitions and extended partitions are limited to 1 to 4
Extended partitions are divided into logical partitions
Logical partition numbers will always start from 5
1.3 Advantages of Partition
Optimize read and write performance Read and write
Implement disk space quota limits
Improve repair speed
Isolation Systems and Procedures
Install multiple OS
Use different file systems
2. File system type
2.1 XFS file system
1. Partition to store file and directory data
2. A high-performance log file system that is particularly good at processing large files and can support millions of TB of storage space
3. The file system used by default in CentOS 7 system
2.2 SWAP, swap file system
Create a swap partition for Linux system
Generally set to 1.5 to 2 times the physical memory
Other file system types supported by Linux
EXT4, FAT32, NTFS, LVM
Note: The default file system used by CentOS 6 is EXT4/3; the default file system used by CentOS 7 is XFS.
2.3 fdisk command
Format: fdisk -l [disk device]
Application: fdisk [disk device]
fdisk command (same as gidsk)
View or manage disk partitions
fdisk -l [disk_device] or fdisk [disk_device]
Common commands in interactive mode
| Command | Function |
| -m | Provide help |
| -n | New partition |
| -d | Delete partition |
| -t | Change partition type |
| -p | Print the current partition status |
| -w | Save and exit |
2.4 Create a new hard drive
To add a new hard disk, the steps are as follows:
Settings – Hard Disk – Add;
Command: alias scan=’echo “- – -” > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan;echo “- – -” > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan;echo “- – -” > / sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan’ can refresh the hard disk
Partition the disk /dev/sdb again;
w Save and exit otherwise it will not take effect
3. Create file system
3.1 mkfs
After dividing the new hard disk into partitions, you still need to format the partition (that is, create a file system) and mount it to a specified directory in the Linux system before it can be used to store files, directories and other data.
mkfs command
mkfs.xfs [specified partition]: Format the specified partition to xfs type;
mkfs.ext4 [specified partition]: Format the specified partition to ext4 type;
mkswap command
make swap, create a swap file system
mkswap partition device
mkswap [partition device]: Format the file system for the specified swap partition;
[root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/sdb1 mkswap: /dev/sdb1: warning: wiping old xfs signature. Setting up swap space version 1, size = 5242876 KiB No tag, UUID=d64e9dd2-42fc-4525-96f7-76728b1ccfe8
free -m: View system memory Situation, -m unified unit, view memory in megabytes
swapon [partition device]: Enable the newly added swap partition;
swapoff [partition device]: Disables the specified swap partition device;
lsblk can also check the hard disk usage, it also You can check the mounting status
3.2 Mount and unmount file systems
mount command
mount [-t type] storage device mount point directory
mount -o loop ISO image file mount point directory
According to the mounting rules, it is best to only mount a hard disk to one directory.
Two partitions are mounted to the same directory at the same time, and the last mounted partition is displayed. Note: Do not do this as it may cause data loss.
It is best to mount an empty directory, otherwise data will be lost.
umount device name|mount point
fuser -v to see who is using it
fuser -km forcefully kicks people down (don’t use it indiscriminately)
Permanently mounted through configuration files;
Command: vim/etc/fastb
3.3 View disk usage
3.3 View disk usagedf command
df [options] [file]
lsblk: View the current mounting status of all partition devices;
4. Experiment
fdisk /dev/sdb //Create primary partition n +5G w fdisk /dev/sdb //Create logical partition n w fdisk /dev/sdb //Create extended partition n +5G w mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1 //Format mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb5 //Format cd / mkdir sdb1 //Create a hanging directory mkdir sdb5 //Create a hanging directory mount /dev/sdb1 /sdb1 //Mount to the corresponding directory mount /dev/sdb5 /sdb5 mount to the corresponding directory lsblk //View vim /etc/fstab //Enter the configuration file /dev/sdb1 /sdb1 xfs defaults 0 0 //Permanently mounted /dev/sdb5 /sdb5 xfs defaults 0 0 //Permanently mounted :wq! //Save and exit
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