[web automated testing]

(2) Eight positioning methods
https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/webdriver/elements/locators/

practice site
https://vip.ceshiren.com/#/ui_study/

1) Element positioning method 1: ID

#Format 1, for example
driver.find_element_by_id("su")

#Format 2, for example, it is recommended to use format 2
driver.find_element(By.ID, "su")

e.g.

from selenium import webdriver
import time
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

def id_position_method():

    # instantiate chromedriver
    driver = webdriver. Chrome()
    # Open the website
    driver.get('http://www.ceshiren.com')
    # wait a second
    time. sleep(1)
    # Click on "Essence Post"
    driver.find_element(By.ID,"ember35").click()
    # wait two seconds
    time. sleep(2)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    id_position_method()

2) Element positioning method two: name

driver.find_element(By.NAME,"The value corresponding to the Name attribute")

3) Element positioning method three: css selector (must be mastered)

driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "value")
#method one:
#Right click on the page, copy absolute positioning

#Method 2:
#Write css selector expression (must know)

4) Element positioning method four: xpath (must be mastered)

# format
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "value")

#method one:
#Right click on the page, copy absolute positioning

#Method 2:
#Write xpath expressions (must know)

5) Element positioning method five: link text
A, must be a label
B. The input element is the text in the label

driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, text inside "a tag")

5. Mandatory waiting, explicit waiting, implicit waiting

(1) Forced waiting (not sure how long it takes to wait, too long sleep time will affect the efficiency of use case execution, and too short sleep time will report an error. It cannot solve the problem of instability)
e.g.

time. sleep(3)

(2) Implicit waiting (Solve the problem that the element cannot be found. Because the forced waiting time is too short, click on the element before the page is loaded, and report the error of no such element)
e.g.

driver.implicity_wait(3) #Poll every 0.5s to find out whether the element appears, and throw an exception if it does not appear

(3) Display waiting (to solve the problem that the element can be found, but the click effect is not triggered. Solve the waiting problem in interactive scenarios such as click.)
e.g.

WebDriverWait(driver, 10).util(exoexted_conditions.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID, "success_btn"))) #10 is the waiting time
driver.find_element(By.ID, "success_btn").click()

6. Control interaction method

(1) click

driver.find_element(By.ID, "kw").click()

(2) input

driver.find_element(By.ID, "kw").send_keys("Baidu")

(3) Clear the information in the search box

driver.find_element(By.ID, "kw").clear()

(4) Get element text

driver.find_element(By.ID, "id").text

(5) Get the attribute of the element (html attribute value)

driver.find_element(By.ID, "id").get_attribute("name")

7,

Web pop-up positioning
Scenario 1, web page alert pop-up window
Solution 1, driver.switchTo().alert()

Drop-down box, date control positioning
scene 2,
The drop-down box of the label combination cannot be positioned
The date control of the label combination cannot be positioned
Solution 2. Introduce JS injection technology

File Upload
Scenario 3, input tag file upload
Solution 3. The input tag directly uses the send_keys() method

8, css expression

driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "value")
#method one:
#Right click on the page, copy absolute positioning

#Method 2:
#Write css selector expression (must know)

(1) Positioning scene
Support web products
Support webview on app side
(2) Absolute positioning
Right click->copy->css expression
e.g.

$("#ember63 > td.main-link.clearfix.topic-list-data > span > span > a")

Disadvantage: The hierarchical relationship is too clear. When a span is removed from it, the element will not be located. That is, it cannot adapt to changes in the front-end page
(3) Relative positioning
Advantages: strong maintainability, simple syntax, and solve various complex scenarios

$("#ember63 [title='new topic']")
#First find the position where the id is ember63, and then find the element whose title is the new topic under it

If the method of $(“css expression”) does not work, you can try to enter $$(“css expression”). (probably due to the browser)

(4) CSS Basic Grammar

#tag name
$('input')
#.Class attribute value #If the value after class contains spaces, the spaces in the css expression should be replaced with dots.
$('.s_ipt')
#id attribute value
$('#kw')
#[attribute name='attribute value']
$('[name="wd"]')

Note:
Modify the variables in pycharm in batches, select – right click – click refactor – click rename

driver->self.driver, realize the use of variables across methods

(5) css relationship positioning

(6) css sequence relationship

e.g.

#:nth-child(n)
$('#form>input:nth-child(2)')
#:nth-of-type(n)
$('#form>input:nth-of-type(1)')

9, xpath

(1) Positioning scene
web automation testing
app automation testing
(2) Advantages
Strong maintainability, concise syntax, and can support more methods than css
(3) Debugging method
console

$x("xpath expression")

elements

#ctrl + f input xpath or css

(4) Basic grammar of xpath

e.g.

# entire page
$x("/")
# All child elements in the page
$x("/*")
# All elements in the entire page
$x("//*")
# Find all div tag nodes on the page
$x("//div")
# Find the node whose id attribute is site-logo
$x('//*[@id="site-logo"]')
# Find the parent node of the node
$x('//*[@id="site-logo"]/..')

(5) xpath sequence relationship (index)
xpath directly obtains the corresponding element through the index value

# Get all li elements under this node
$x("//*[@id='ember21']//li")
# Get the first li element of [all nodes] under this node
$x("//*[@id='ember21']//li[1]")

(6) Advanced usage of xpath
[last()]: Select the last one
[@attribute name=’attribute value’ and @attribute name=’attribute value’]: and relationship
[@attribute name=’attribute value’ or @attribute name=’attribute value’]: or relationship
[text()=’text information’]: locate according to text information
[contains(text(),’text information’)]: contains positioning according to text information
Note: All expressions need to be combined with []
e.g.

# Select the last input tag
//input[last()]
# Select the input tag with the value of attribute name as passward and the value of attribute pwd as 123456
//input[@name='passward' and @pwd='123456']
# Select the input tag whose attribute name value is passward or attribute pwd value is 123456
//input[@name='passward' or @pwd='123456']
# Select all elements whose text information is 'Hogwarts Test Development'
//*[text()='Hogwarts Test Development']
# Select all elements of the text packet 'Hogwarts'
//*[contains(text(),'Hogwarts')]