This article describes the expansion of the root file system through the tools that come with Linux without installing additional packages.
We can see that the root disk is 46.6G:
#lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 46.6G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot └─sda2 8:2 0 19G 0 part ├─klas-root 253:0 0 17G 0 lvm / └─klas-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
However, the root file system and the corresponding partition are only 19G, so installing the database is not enough:
# df -h File System Capacity Used Available % Used Mount Points devtmpfs 7.2G 0 7.2G 0% /dev tmpfs 7.3G 0 7.3G 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 7.3G 9.0M 7.2G 1% /run tmpfs 7.3G 0 7.3G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/mapper/klas-root 17G 7.0G 11G 41% / tmpfs 7.3G 4.0K 7.3G 1% /tmp /dev/sda1 1014M 216M 799M 22% /boot tmpfs 1.5G 0 1.5G 0% /run/user/992 tmpfs 1.5G 0 1.5G 0% /run/user/0 # fdisk -l /dev/sda Disk /dev/sda: 46.59 GiB, 50010783744 bytes, 97677312 sectors Disk model: BlockVolume Unit: sector / 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 1048576 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x5917cffa Device Start Start End Sector Size Id Type /dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux /dev/sda2 2099200 41943039 39843840 19G 8e Linux LVM # pvdisplay --- Physical volume --- PV Name /dev/sda2 VG Name klas PV Size <19.00 GiB / not usable 3.00 MiB Allocable yes (but full) PE Size 4.00 MiB Total PE 4863 Free PE 0 Allocated PE 4863 PV UUID 8i1xe9-bQGw-C3UN-yXKl-RX71-BpMZ-Z5sJCW #vgdisplay ---Volume group --- VG Name klas System ID Format lvm2 Metadata Areas 1 Metadata Sequence No. 3 VG Access read/write VG Status resizable MAXLV 0 Cur LV 2 OpenLV2 Max PV 0 Cur PV 1 Act PV 1 VG Size <19.00 GiB PE Size 4.00 MiB Total PE 4863 AllocPE/Size 4863/<19.00 GiB FreePE/Size 0/0 VG UUID sdCaBU-DZsc-M40m-FjMc-7tcr-fOAq-OboAQX #lvdisplay --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/klas/swap LV Name swap VG Name klas LV UUID gDn1nO-nlbE-bHvu-IVQ4-0c7p-Jss8-avOEiL LV Write Access read/write LV Creation host, time localhost, 2023-10-24 11:49:34 + 0800 LV Status available # open 2 LV Size 2.00 GiB Current LE 512 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 8192 Block device 253:1 --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/klas/root LV Name root VG Name klas LV UUID eH66eX-dg12-kFwB-Nhp0-mfqs-R301-Y2dHD6 LV Write Access read/write LV Creation host, time localhost, 2023-10-24 11:49:35 + 0800 LV Status available # open 1 LV Size <17.00 GiB Current LE 4351 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 8192 Block device 253:0
Delete and rebuild partition sda2 to make it larger.
The key point here is that deleting and rebuilding a partition does not affect the data in it!
# fdisk /dev/sda
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.35.2).
Changes will stay in memory until you decide to write them to disk.
Think twice before using write commands.
Command (enter m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 46.59 GiB, 50010783744 bytes, 97677312 sectors
Disk model: BlockVolume
Unit: sector / 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 1048576 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x5917cffa
Device Start Start End Sector Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 2099200 41943039 39843840 19G 8e Linux LVM
Command (enter m for help): m
help:
DOS(MBR)
a switch enable flag
b Edit nested BSD disk labels
c switch dos compatibility flag
conventional
d delete partition
F lists unpartitioned free areas
l List known partition types
n add new partition
p print partition table
t Change partition type
v Check the partition table
i prints information about a certain partition
Miscellaneous
m print this menu
u Change display/record unit
x More features (Professionals only)
script
I Load disk layout from sfdisk script file
O Dump disk layout to sfdisk script file
Save and exit
w Write the partition table to disk and exit
q Exit without saving changes
Create a new empty disk label
g Create a new GPT partition table
G Create a new empty GPT (IRIX) partition table
o Create a new empty DOS partition table
s Create a new empty Sun partition table
Command (enter m for help): d
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 2
Partition 2 has been deleted.
Command (enter m for help): n
Partition type
p primary partition (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended partition (logical partition container)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 2
First sector (2099200-97677311, default 2099200):
Last sector, + /-sectors or + size{<!-- -->K,M,G,T,P} (2099200-97677311, default 97677311):
A new partition 2 is created, type "Linux", size 45.6 GiB.
Partition #2 contains an LVM2_member signature.
Do you want to remove this signature? Yes [Y]/No [N]: N
Command (enter m for help): w
The partition table has been adjusted.
Synchronizing disks.
Confirm, the partition has been expanded,:
# fdisk -l /dev/sda Disk /dev/sda: 46.59 GiB, 50010783744 bytes, 97677312 sectors Disk model: BlockVolume Unit: sector / 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 1048576 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x5917cffa Device Start Start End Sector Size Id Type /dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux /dev/sda2 2099200 97677311 95578112 45.6G 83 Linux
Extended pv:
# pvdisplay --- Physical volume --- PV Name /dev/sda2 VG Name klas PV Size <19.00 GiB / not usable 3.00 MiB Allocable yes (but full) PE Size 4.00 MiB Total PE 4863 Free PE 0 Allocated PE 4863 PV UUID 8i1xe9-bQGw-C3UN-yXKl-RX71-BpMZ-Z5sJCW # pvresize /dev/sda2 Physical volume "/dev/sda2" changed 1 physical volume(s) resized or updated / 0 physical volume(s) not resized # pvdisplay --- Physical volume --- PV Name /dev/sda2 VG Name klas PV Size <45.58 GiB / not usable 1.00 MiB Allocable yes PE Size 4.00 MiB Total PE 11667 Free PE 6804 Allocated PE 4863 PV UUID 8i1xe9-bQGw-C3UN-yXKl-RX71-BpMZ-Z5sJCW
You can directly expand lv:
# vgdisplay
---Volume group ---
VG Name klas
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No. 4
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAXLV 0
Cur LV 2
OpenLV2
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 45.57 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 11667
AllocPE/Size 4863/<19.00 GiB
Free PE/Size 6804/<26.58 GiB
VG UUID sdCaBU-DZsc-M40m-FjMc-7tcr-fOAq-OboAQX
# lvextend -r -L + 6804 /dev/klas/root
Size of logical volume klas/root changed from <17.00 GiB (4351 extents) to 23.64 GiB (6052 extents).
Logical volume klas/root successfully resized.
meta-data=/dev/mapper/klas-root isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=1113856 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
=reflink=1
data = bsize=4096 blocks=4455424, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
data blocks changed from 4455424 to 6197248
# lvextend -r -l + 5103 /dev/klas/root
Size of logical volume klas/root changed from 23.64 GiB (6052 extents) to 43.57 GiB (11155 extents).
Logical volume klas/root successfully resized.
meta-data=/dev/mapper/klas-root isize=512 agcount=6, agsize=1113856 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
=reflink=1
data = bsize=4096 blocks=6197248, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
data blocks changed from 6197248 to 11422720
#vgdisplay
---Volume group ---
VG Name klas
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No. 6
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAXLV 0
Cur LV 2
OpenLV2
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 45.57 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 11667
AllocPE/Size 11667/45.57 GiB
FreePE/Size 0/0
VG UUID sdCaBU-DZsc-M40m-FjMc-7tcr-fOAq-OboAQX
[root@kylinos ~]# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/klas/swap
LV Name swap
VG Name klas
LV UUID gDn1nO-nlbE-bHvu-IVQ4-0c7p-Jss8-avOEiL
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost, 2023-10-24 11:49:34 + 0800
LV Status available
# open 2
LV Size 2.00 GiB
Current LE 512
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:1
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/klas/root
LV Name root
VG Name klas
LV UUID eH66eX-dg12-kFwB-Nhp0-mfqs-R301-Y2dHD6
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time localhost, 2023-10-24 11:49:35 + 0800
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 43.57 GiB
Current LE 11155
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 8192
Block device 253:0
[root@kylinos ~]# df -h
File System Capacity Used Available % Used Mount Points
devtmpfs 7.2G 0 7.2G 0% /dev
tmpfs 7.3G 12K 7.3G 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 7.3G 9.0M 7.2G 1% /run
tmpfs 7.3G 0 7.3G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/klas-root 44G 7.2G 37G 17% /
tmpfs 7.3G 4.0K 7.3G 1% /tmp
/dev/sda1 1014M 216M 799M 22% /boot
tmpfs 1.5G 0 1.5G 0% /run/user/992
tmpfs 1.5G 0 1.5G 0% /run/user/0
Done, the entire process does not restart.