Environment: jupyter notebook, win7, win10, chrome browser, edge browser,
bug: .iplot of cufflinks does not display images
The phenomenon is:
1 – Use matplotlib.pyplot to display images.
2 – Plotly’s iplot method can save pictures to a folder, but using plotly’s iplot method, jupyter notebook does not display pictures.
It means that the problem is not with matplotlib and matplotlib.pyplot, it may be with plotly, it may not be with cufflinks.
debug method:
After searching online resources, I found the following methods, but they are not suitable for my situation and cannot solve my problem:
debug 1 Add cf.go_offline() # Setting it to offline cufflinks will not work
debug 2 add cf.set_config_file(offline=True) # No
debug 3 add cf.set_config_file(sharing=’public’,offline=True) # No
debug 4 add cf.set_config_file(sharing=’public’,theme=’pearl’,offline=True) # No
debug 5 Add matplotlib.use(‘TkAgg’) # Specify the drawing backend, no
debug 6 Add matplotlib.use(‘Qt5Agg’) # Specify the drawing backend, no
debug 7 add fig = go.Figure(data=go.Bar(y=[2, 3, 1])) # Output a photo first, no
debug 8 Add init_notebook_mode(connected=True) # Some kind of initialization, no
debug 9 add %matplotlib inline # magic jupyter notebook statement does not work
debug 10 added plt.ion() # matplotlib specified interaction is not possible
debug 11 added plt.show() # No
debug 12 reinstall the corresponding library # No
debug 13 import plotly.express as px
from IPython.display import HTML # Import HTML, no
Finally, I found these articles:
https://segmentfault.com/q/1010000043217739
python – How to plot using plotly with offline mode out not in iPython notebooks? – Stack Overflow
For debug, just add the following 2 lines of statements,
import plotly.offline as pyo # The first sentence added
....
xx.iplot() #Drawing
pyo.init_notebook_mode() # The second sentence added
Here is an example
import plotly.offline as pyo # Add this statement first, import pandas as pd import numpy as np import cufflinks as cf import matplotlib.pyplot as plt cf.datagen.histogram(3).iplot(kind='histogram') pyo.init_notebook_mode() # Add this statement again to display .iplot
pyo.init_notebook_mode() This statement needs to be after .iplot(), otherwise the picture will still not be displayed
The specific reasons are yet to be investigated
================================================== =====
Let’s first look at how cufflinks data flows:
cufflinks is built on the Plotly library. The DataFrame data of pandas becomes a picture in the memory through cufflinks, and then displayed using iplot (Plotly):
- DataFrame: represents the data frame of pandas;
- Figure: represents drawable graphics, such as bar, box, histogram, etc.;
- iplot: represents the drawing method and has many parameters that can be configured;
What is happening inside Plotly that causes the image not to be displayed?
================================================== =====
Deep dig into the source code of the above two sentences: py.offline.init_notebook_mode ()
from https://github.com/plotly/plotly.py/blob/master/packages/python/plotly/plotly/offline/offline.py
def init_notebook_mode(connected=False):
"""
Initialize plotly.js in the browser if it hasn't been loaded into the DOM
yet. This is an idempotent method and can and should be called from any
offline methods that require plotly.js to be loaded into the notebook dom.
Keyword arguments:
connected (default=False) -- If True, the plotly.js library will be loaded
from an online CDN. If False, the plotly.js library will be loaded locally
from the plotly python package
Use `connected=True` if you want your notebooks to have smaller file sizes.
In the case where `connected=False`, the entirety of the plotly.js library
will be loaded into the notebook, which will result in a file-size increase
of a couple megabytes. Additionally, because the library will be downloaded
from the web, you and your viewers must be connected to the internet to be
able to view charts within this notebook.
Use `connected=False` if you want you and your collaborators to be able to
create and view these charts regardless of the availability of an internet
connection. This is the default option since it is the most predictable.
Note that under this setting the library will be included inline inside
your notebook, resulting in much larger notebook sizes compared to the case
where `connected=True`.
"""
import plotly.io as pio
ipython = get_module("IPython")
if not ipython:
raise ImportError("`iplot` can only run inside an IPython Notebook.")
if connected:
pio.renderers.default = "plotly_mimetype + notebook_connected"
else:
pio.renderers.default = "plotly_mimetype + notebook"
# Trigger immediate activation of notebook. This way the plotly.js
# library reference is available to the notebook immediately
pio.renderers._activate_pending_renderers()
It’s very clear here, the code does 2 things:
1 – Default renderer set
2 – If you are in a Jupyter notebook (ipython) environment, trigger Jupyter notebook to activate immediately,
In this way, the above statement is equivalent to
import plotly.io as pio pio.renderers.default = "plotly_mimetype + notebook" pio.renderers._activate_pending_renderers()
Therefore, the final reason for not displaying images is: The renderer is not specified and activated.
=======================================
Dig deeper
The role of pio.renderers._activate_pending_renderers()
# from
# https://github.com/plotly/plotly.py/blob/master/packages/python/plotly/plotly/io/_renderers.py
def _activate_pending_renderers(self, cls=object):
to_activate_with_cls = [
r for r in self._to_activate if cls and isinstance(r, cls)
]
while to_activate_with_cls:
renderer = to_activate_with_cls.pop(0)
renderer.activate()
self._to_activate = [
r for r in self._to_activate if not (cls and isinstance(r, cls))
]
In the above program, various renderer queues are expanded into lists, and then the renderers are activated.
The types of renderers are:
#from
# https://github.com/plotly/plotly.py/blob/master/packages/python/plotly/plotly/io/_renderers.py
#
from ._base_renderers import (
MimetypeRenderer,
PlotlyRenderer,
JsonRenderer,
ImageRenderer,
PngRenderer,
SvgRenderer,
PdfRenderer,
JpegRenderer,
HtmlRenderer,
ColabRenderer,
KaggleRenderer,
NotebookRenderer,
ExternalRenderer,
BrowserRenderer,
)
#from
# https://github.com/plotly/plotly.py/blob/master/packages/python/plotly/plotly/io/_renderers.py
from plotly.io._base_renderers import (
MimetypeRenderer,
ExternalRenderer,
PlotlyRenderer,
NotebookRenderer,
KaggleRenderer,
AzureRenderer,
ColabRenderer,
JsonRenderer,
PngRenderer,
JpegRenderer,
SvgRenderer,
PdfRenderer,
BrowserRenderer,
IFrameRenderer,
SphinxGalleryHtmlRenderer,
SphinxGalleryOrcaRenderer,
CoCalcRenderer,
DatabricksRenderer,
)
todo Can the bug mentioned at the beginning of this article be fixed using simpler import statements and renderer execution statements ?
* plotly Based onplot.js, not matplotlib.pyplot
** Detailed introduction to the graphic display of Displaying figures in Python Plotly
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